Harm principle professional#
Bioethics and Clinical (Medical) EthicsĪ number of deplorable abuses of human subjects in research, medical interventions without informed consent, experimentation in concentration camps in World War II, along with salutary advances in medicine and medical technology and societal changes, led to the rapid evolution of bioethics from one concerned about professional conduct and codes to its present status with an extensive scope that includes research ethics, public health ethics, organizational ethics, and clinical ethics. However, complying with these standards, it should be understood, may not always fulfill the moral norms as the codes have “often appeared to protect the profession’s interests more than to offer a broad and impartial moral viewpoint or to address issues of importance to patients and society”. To reduce the vagueness of “accepted role,” physician organizations (local, state, and national) have codified their standards. A pertinent example of particular morality is the physician’s “accepted role” to provide competent and trustworthy service to their patients. Particular morality refers to norms that bind groups because of their culture, religion, profession and include responsibilities, ideals, professional standards, and so on. Some moral norms for right conduct are common to human kind as they transcend cultures, regions, religions, and other group identities and constitute common morality (e.g., not to kill, or harm, or cause suffering to others, not to steal, not to punish the innocent, to be truthful, to obey the law, to nurture the young and dependent, to help the suffering, and rescue those in danger). Normative ethics attempts to answer the question, “Which general moral norms for the guidance and evaluation of conduct should we accept, and why?”. Goals of ethics education Ethics, Morality, and Professional StandardsĮthics is a broad term that covers the study of the nature of morals and the specific moral choices to be made. Are physicians equipped to fulfill this ethical obligation and can their ethical skills be improved? A goal-oriented educational program (Table 1) has been shown to improve learner awareness, attitudes, knowledge, moral reasoning, and confidence. These decisions involve more than selecting the appropriate treatment or intervention.Įthics is an inherent and inseparable part of clinical medicine as the physician has an ethical obligation (i) to benefit the patient, (ii) to avoid or minimize harm, and to (iii) respect the values and preferences of the patient. Main principles of ethics, that is beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice, are discussed.Īutonomy is the basis for informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality.Ī model to resolve conflicts when ethical principles collide is presented.Ĭases that highlight ethical issues and their resolution are presented.Ī patient care model that integrates ethics, professionalism, and cognitive and technical expertise is shown.Ī defining responsibility of a practicing physician is to make decisions on patient care in different settings.
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